High-speed network of independently linked nodes

ABSTRACT

A method of operating a network is beneficially conducted on a municipality or neighborhood level. The method in disclosed embodiments comprises installing a digital communications network within a limited selected geographical region. The network is formed from a high speed backbone and a plurality of nodes branching outward from the high speed backbone. A plurality of communicating stations are connected to the network and users at each communicating station subscribe to communicate over the network. Due to the unique scope of the network, the users are related primarily by virtue of their residence in a common geographical region. The network may be installed within a public utility right of way and may be used to monitor utility usage and to bill utility users. The network is thus independent of public telephone infrastructure. The network is preferably partitioned and communications are direct from station to station without broadcasting. Outside access, such as to the Internet is provided through gateways within the backbone.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a Continuation-In-Part of and claims priority toU.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/134,294, filed on May14, 1999 and entitled Neighborhood Area Network.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. The Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to computer communications networks. Morespecifically, the present invention relates to computer high-speednetworks linking geographically related users and to manners ofimplementing and operating such networks.

2. The Relevant Technology

Computer technology is breaking barriers to interpersonal communicationsat an amazing rate. Already, it is possible to communicate almostinstantaneously with anyone in the world that has a computer and atelephone line. Computer networks, such as the Internet, linkindividuals and various types of organizations in world-wide digitalcommunication. The Internet has almost unlimited promise forcommunications advances, but is limited by an overburdened and somewhatunsuited transmission medium.

In addition to the Internet, businesses, educational institutions,government agencies, and other similarly related entities alsocommunicate over much smaller-scale networks, such as local areanetworks (LANs) and wide area networks (WANs). These small-scalenetworks, particularly LANS, operate at much higher speeds than theInternet, but are expensive to operate at large scales. Thus, a largegap exists, between the scope of coverage and speed of operation of theglobal, but relatively slow, Internet and the faster but more limitedLANs and WANs. It would be advantageous to close this gap withlarger-scale networks that operate at speeds close to that of LANS.

Several barriers exist to filling the gap between current limitedcoverage networks and the Internet. One such barrier is the “last mile”dilemma. That is, the Internet runs at very high speeds over itsbackbone, but slows down considerably over its localized connections.Generally, the Internet relies upon standard telecommunications industrylines and switching equipment for this last mile. This infrastructure isdesigned for telephone communications, and is not well adapted to thepacketized communications of digital networks. A dilemma lies, however,in replacing the telephone infrastructure with transmission mediums moresuited to digital communications. It is currently consideredprohibitively expensive to connect high speed communications lines downto the individual users of the Internet.

This fact, together with the general congestion of the Internet ingeneral leads to a substantial slow down of Internet communications. Italso limits the deployment of intermediate types of networks. A furtherbarrier to the implementation of networks of varying scopes and to thenew introduction of new paradigms for network communication comes in theform of financing. Such developments using current technology would beprohibitively expensive. Who is going to pay for this infrastructure?

Accordingly, a need exists for an intermediate sized network to closethe gap between the world-wide Internet and current relatively smallscale networks. Preferably, such an intermediate sized network operatesat speeds similar to those of LANS, coverage both in geographical areaand diversify of user type. Additionally any solution to this problemshould also address financing of installation and should overcome thelast mile dilemma. New technologies for achieving such a new paradigm incomputer networking are similarly needed.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In order to overcome many or all of the above-discussed problems, thepresent invention comprises methods, apparatus, and systems forimplementing Large-scale high speed computer network. The network mayconnect an entire neighborhood or city in networked communications, andaccordingly, will be referred to herein as a Neighborhood Area Network(NAN). The NAN of the present invention is a network conducted on aunique scale with a unique clientele and is implemented in a manner thattranscends traditional network boundaries and protocols. The NAN is notequivalent to a wide area network WAN, in part because it is essentiallyrouterless. That is, while a plurality of NAN, may be interconnectedthrough the use of routers, each individual NAN is preferablyconstructed without the use of internal routers. The NAN is unique fromlocal area networks (LANs) as well. One reason is that, due to its manynovel features, it can be of a size and scope previously unobtainable byconventional LANs.

The NAN is further unique because it is intended to cover and serve aselected geographical area and to blanket that geographical area, ratherthan functioning to serve a specific government, business, educational,or similarly related entity. Accordingly, the subscribers and users ofthe NAN may be substantially non-related in any traditional businessmanner. Furthermore, funding for the NAN, rather than being provided bya business-type entity or subsidized by a governmental organization, maybe funded at least in part by an independent third party, such as autility company and may be funded in total or in part by subscribers.

The NAN is also comparatively inexpensive to install, making theplacement of a NAN in every neighborhood a real possibility. The NAN ofthe present invention is capable of eliminating the message trafficburden from the Internet, thereby speeding up the Internet, as it isadapted to be operated completely independent of the currently highlyburdened telecommunications infrastructure (although Internet servicemay be provided over the NAN).

In one embodiment, the NAN is comprised of an optic fiber ring servingas the outer backbone of the NAN. The ring is preferably populated withone or more fiber boxes, each containing circuitry including switches,repeaters, gateways, etc. The fiber boxes in one embodiment connect thebackbone to a central office or headquarters data center in which aserver is preferably located. One or more gateways are preferablyprovided within the backbone for access by Internet Service Providers(ISPs). An inner backbone comprised of scalable 10 to 100 megabitcoaxial cable preferably branches from the fiber backbone.

The coaxial cable preferably originates at the fiber boxes and branchesthrough the selected geographical region (discussed herein as aneighborhood, but of course, any geographical scale could be served),connected by repeaters and nodes to individual communicating stations.The inner backbone is preferably partitioned for efficient routing oftraffic.

The nodes in one embodiment comprise hubs. The repeaters may be placedthree hundred feet apart along the coaxial cable, with hubs placedwithin thirty feet of every house, business, or other type ofcommunicating station on the NAN. The hubs preferably connect to thelocal houses or other buildings with ten-base-T twisted pair copperwiring employing the Category 5 (Cat5) standard. The hubs in oneembodiment are powered by one or more of the communicating stations thatthey service. Accordingly, each station connected to a hub may share thepowering of the hub and may share the powering of other switchingequipment of the NAN as well.

In one embodiment NAN software operates on the server, the fiber boxes,the repeaters, and the hubs. Client software preferably operates acomputers located at each communicating station. Additional functionalsoftware or logic may also execute on communicating stations orcomputers of subscribing service providers. For example, software maycommunicate with an electric power meter for transmitting informationregarding power consumption from a communicating station (the powercustomer) through the network to third party service provider, in thiscase, a utility power company.

In one embodiment, at least a portion of the backbone is installed overthe right-of-way owned by or franchised to a public utility such as gas,electric, or power company. This negates any need for a separate utilityadministering the NAN to acquire a new easement or franchise from thelandowners or the government entity of the geographic region. The NANmay be financed and/or installed through the cooperation of the utilityservice provider company. This arrangement allows the public utilityservice provider that would otherwise be unable to enter the digitalcommunication market to participate. It is also advantageous in that aNAN developer or administration entity would otherwise likely be unableto afford to finance and install the NAN due to the cost and risk offunding and lack of sufficient rights-of-way.

In certain embodiments of an apparatus and method in accordance with thepresent invention, an independent entity may create a city-wide networkor NAN. The network includes, in one embodiment, a fiber optic ringwithin the city to serve as a local backbone. The fiber optic ring maybe fully redundant. That is, it preferably completes a loop such thatany break in the loop will not shut the whole system down. The fiber canbe laid inexpensively as distances are not great and thus, lessexpensive local short-distance-types of fiber cable can be used. A lowcost fiber can be used, such as feeder fiber which is less costly, andwhich requires less labor to install.

The fiber backbone is preferably populated by fiber boxes havingswitches therein. Coaxial cable from switches to bridges and repeatersto hubs. The hubs may connect to client stations using twisted-pair,copper cabling. A central server may be used and may be located within aheadquarters data center. A headquarters data center may be employed asa gateway for Internet service providers. In addition, the Internetservice providers may enter the system through other gateways includingone or more switches.

The fiber backbone may be laid using the franchise agreement granted tothe power company within a city or region. Thus, as the entire networkis laid independently, the ISP service is provided independent of thetelecommunications line over the entire route. Additionally, all ISPsare available on the net allowing equal access without choking traffic.

The infrastructure is preferably upgradable from 10 megabit to gigabittechnology over the same lines, such that the lines need not be relaidin order to upgrade. Services that can be provided include surveillance,on-line books, two-way multi camera, schools, etc. Additionally, IPBX,telephone, television, CATV, and video on demand can be provided overthe NAN. Video can be provided allowing independent selection,broadcast, start time and may be buffered to the user in real time.

The NAN also preferably incorporates one or more multiport switcheswhich are configured to truncate broadcast data. The multi-port switchis preferably an indoor switch but is contained in an aluminum pedestalof dimensions approximately 3 by 2 by 2 feet and is environmentallycontrolled.

The repeaters in preferred embodiments convert the data from theswitches to be transmitted over coaxial cable and are preferablysemi-intelligent. In one embodiment, the repeaters are housed out ofdoors within a protective pedestal. The pedestal may be located on theground or hung from power lines.

The bridges are, in preferred embodiments, high speed with a look-upbinary tree and are preferably contained in the protective pedestals.The bridges also filter out broadcast traffic. The hubs route traffic tosubscribing communicating stations and convert from coaxial to twistedpair cable. The hubs are connected with a T-connector and powered by thecooperative power coupler of the present invention.

The P-coupler preferably includes a series of transformers, one at eachcommunicating station. The communicating station connect with Cat5wiring to the hub through a home connection box. The home connection boxpreferably provides convenient connections for power to the hub and fortransmit and receive lines. The lines at the home connection box arewired alphabetically. The home connection box connects preferablyconnects with Ethernet cabling to a network card located within acomputer at the client station.

A modular power connector is preferably located at the home connectionbox. The wiring from the communicating station to the hub operates, inone embodiment, at ten megabytes per second. Three pairs of lines arepreferably used, a transmit twisted pair, a receive twisted pair, and anA/C twisted pair running from the transformer to power the hub.

The NAN of the present invention is a high speed routerless networkwhich differs from traditional large scale networks in that traffic isrouted locally and that it has the speed of a small local area networkbut with many more stations connected thereto. The large amount ofcommunicating stations is facilitated by the many novel aspects of theinvention.

The NAN can be described as a baseband network rather than a broadbandnetwork because it addresses communicating stations directly andlinearly rather than through broadcasting of data. The NAN of thepresent invention defines what cannot be routed rather than defining thetypes of packets that can be routed. The NAN also preferably usesconverse/inverse filtering. Because the communications traffic isdirect-routed, neighbor to neighbor communications is very high speedand occupies only a small part of the NAN. It also reduces the burden onthe Internet.

METHOD OF IMPLEMENTATION

The NAN of the present invention is unique in that its clients aremerely geographically related, rather than being business, government,educational institution, or otherwise related. Additionally, individualsubscribers pay for the continued operation of the NAN rather than asingle large entity. The NAN may be partially funded by public servicecompanies such as utility companies. In one embodiment, the powercompany pays a portion of the installation fees in return for receivinga portion of the subscription and allows the infrastructure to beinstalled along its rights of way for which it has a business franchise.Accordingly, the NAN need not have a separate franchise and need not bea public utility.

Additionally, the power company or other public utility may receivebenefits in the form of cheaper monitoring of the usage of its services.For instance, power companies may be able to automatically read themeters of the subscribers through the NAN, rather than having to sendout meter readers, thereby reducing the cost. Billing and payment mayalso be automated over the NAN, further reducing costs.

The NAN may be administered by a private company, but is preferably notcontrolled by any central agency, governmental body or other entity, andthus, is a true community network.

Subscribers are allowed to join for an initial hook-up fee and a monthlyservice fee, similar to cable or telephone service. Upon paying thehook-up fee, customers are connected and provided with access to theNAN, but if they do not pay the monthly fee, some or all their servicesmay be cut off.

The subscribers are all provided with an IP address upon the first useof their account. The IP address is in one embodiment semi-permanent inthat it is retained until the subscriber changes network cards orcomputers. The IP addresses are retained in a binding within a serverlocated at the central office. The server sends out the IP addresses,and the IP addresses are retained within bridges and within the switchesin order to route the traffic accordingly.

The subscribers are preferably provided with Internet service fromoutside ISP which connect to the backbone through gateways. Internetservice fees may be part of the subscription or may be part ofindependent subscription fees.

These and other objects, features, and advantages of the presentinvention will become more fully apparent from the following descriptionand appended claims, or may be learned by the practice of the inventionas set forth hereinafter.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In order that the manner in which the above-recited and other advantagesand objects of the invention are obtained will be readily understood, amore particular description of the invention briefly described abovewill be rendered by reference to specific embodiments thereof which areillustrated in the appended drawings. Understanding that these drawingsdepict only typical embodiments of the invention and are not thereforeto be considered to be limiting of its scope, the invention will bedescribed and explained with additional specificity and detail throughthe use of the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram illustrating one embodiment ofnetwork system hardware for use with the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a schematic block diagram illustrating one embodiment of asystem architecture for use with the present invention.

FIG. 3 is a schematic block diagram of one embodiment of a networkarchitecture for use with the present invention.

FIG. 4 is a schematic block diagram of one embodiment of a trafficfilter module for use with the present invention.

FIG. 4A is a schematic representation of one embodiment of acommunications packet of the present invention.

FIG. 4B is a schematic representation of an OSI seven layer model.

FIG. 5 is a schematic representation of a manner of connecting acommunicating station to a communications node of the present invention.

FIG. 6 is a perspective view of a connection box of the presentinvention.

FIG. 7 is a partially exploded perspective view of a pedestal of thepresent invention.

FIG. 8 is a perspective view of a hanging pedestal of the presentinvention.

FIG. 9 is a schematic flow chart diagram listing steps of a method ofoperating a NAN of the present invention.

FIGS. 10 through 15 are a schematic flow chart diagrams describing ingreater detail steps that may be conducted in accordance with the methodof FIG. 9.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Referring now to FIG. 1, shown therein is a schematic block diagramshowing various hardware components of one embodiment of a large-scale,high speed network of the present invention. Because the network isintended to serve a selected geographical region, it is referred toherein as a neighborhood area network (ANA) 10. The NAN 10, as depicted,includes a backbone 12, that is divided into two components. A firstcomponent is a fiber backbone 14 that is preferably adapted to transmitpacketized data using standard optical communications protocols andtechnology. The fiber backbone 14 is preferably configured in a ringwith incoming traffic traveling in a selected given direction.

A second component comprises a local backbone 16 that is preferablyconfigured with a non-redundant branching structure and that is adaptedto transmit data using radio wave signals. In the schematic depiction ofFIG. 1, the physical locations of connections are represented, while anexample of the actual branching structure is shown in FIG. 3.

The NAN system 10 in the depicted embodiment of FIG. 1 also includes aserver 18 which may be located at a central headquarters office 20. Oneor more fiber switches 22 may be located within the fiber backbone 14.Indeed, the fiber backbone 14 may complete a circle around aneighborhood or other common geographical region which is intended to benetworked in computer, voice, and or/video communication. The fiberbackbone 14 may be provided with redundant loops in case one loopbecomes inoperable.

The local backbone 16 preferably communicates with the fiber backbone 14through one or more fiber switches 22. Each fiber switch 22 ispreferably configured to examine packetized message traffic passingtherethrough, and where a message is intended for a communicatingstation serviced by a portion of the local backbone serviced by theswitch 22, route the message onto the local backbone 16. Each switch 22also preferably routes locally generated traffic with externaldestinations to the fiber backbone 14 for receipt by other switches orgateways 108 to the Internet 34. The switches 22 preferably also convertcommunications between optical communications signals and radiofrequency signals.

Within the local backbone 16, switching devices, including a series ofrepeaters 24, nodes 26, and bridges 50 are preferably deployed. In oneembodiment, the local backbone 16 is provided with coaxial cable 38having a sufficiently high band width and having signals of sufficientlyhigh amplitude that repeaters 24 are needed only every 300 feet or so.The nodes may comprise hubs 26 which, due to the efficient propagationof the NAN 10, can be located up to 30 feet from each communicatingstation 30.

Communicating stations 30 in one embodiment connected to the nodes 26,with Cat 5, twisted pair wiring 40 through a home connection box 42.Internet Service Providers (ISPs) 32 are shown connected to the NAN 10through in several different types of gateways. An ISP 32 may connectthrough the central headquarters office 20 and from there to a fiberswitch 22. Alternatively, an ISP may communicate directly with the fiberbackbone 14 through a fiber switch 22. The ISPs provide access to theworldwide web and the Internet 34.

Each communicating station 30 may be provided with one or more homeservice boxes 44. The service boxes 44 communicate over the NAN 10 andprovide interactivity from a remote distance. The service boxes 44 maycomprise, for instance, power meters 46, security systems 48, and anynumber of electrical and mechanized devices, including appliances,sprinkling systems, synchronized clocks, etc.

The fiber switches 22 may be housed within containment units 52. Thecontainment units 52 may be located inside or out of doors and arepreferably provided with insulation and/or environmental control devicessuch as a fan 54 and/or air conditioning 56. The containment units 52are preferably vented.

The repeaters 24, bridges 50 and nodes 26 are preferably located withinprotective pedestals 28 which are also preferably vented, which providea hardened outer shell, and which may be provided with fans 54 or otherenvironmental control devices. The pedestals 28 may be mounted in theground, or may be mounted from utility and/or power lines overhead. Thepedestals 28 preferably provide some type of lightening protection suchas a Faraday shield. The pedestals 28 are described in greater detailbelow with reference to FIGS. 7 and 8.

FIG. 2 is a functional block diagram illustrating a system architecture100 including operative data structures and executable modules forcontrolling the operation of the hardware of the NAN 10 depicted inFIG. 1. The system architecture 100 controls the interactions of thevarious intelligent components of the NAN 10 of FIG. 1.

Accordingly, shown in FIG. 2 are the different modules and executablesfor operating the NAN 10. Included are a plurality of client stations 30communicating over a transmission system 102. Other entities may alsocommunicate over the transmission system 102. These include the centralheadquarters office 20, the server 18, a monitoring station 152, andservice providers 104, including a utility company 106.

Referring now to the transmission system 102, one method of operation ofthe NAN 10 to transmit information between the client stations 30 willbe described. In one embodiment, the NAN backbone 12 is essentiallyrouterless. That is, the system is operated at a large scale, but usingthe same principles as a small local area network. This is achievabledue to the unique architecture and configuration of the NAN 10. Routers(62 in FIG. 3) are required only when connecting to outside entities,such as other NANs or the Internet 34.

Components included within the system 100 include the bridges 50, theswitches 22, the repeaters 24, and the nodes, which in one embodimentcomprise hubs 26. Also included within the system 102 is an Internetrouting module 108 which routes traffic to and from the ISP's 32. TheInternet routing module 108 operates as a gateway and may comprise aswitch 22 and a router 62.

The switches 22 are provided with software modules in the form of aswitch routing module 110 and a switch conversion module 112. The switchrouting module 110 is used to route traffic between the switches 22. Theswitch conversion module 112 is used to convert packeted traffic betweenthe optical communications protocol and the radio frequency signals usedwithin the coaxial cable lines 16. Thus, in preferred embodiments, eachswitch includes one or more protocol converters interfacing betweenfiber cabling and Cat5 twisted pair wiring.

The protocol converters translate the optical signals into radiofrequency signals for transmission on the coaxial Cat5 cables. The radiofrequency signals are in turn translated into digital signals by thenetwork cards 156.

The Cat5 twisted pair wires lead into out of the switch 22 and connectto the protocol converters 112 and to repeaters 24. The repeaters 24place the data packets on the coaxial cable 16. The Cat5 wiring may alsolead directly to client stations 30 that are within 300 feet of theswitch 22.

Traffic is routed in an efficient manner whereby the system 100 utilizesthe high speed fiber cables 14 to as great a degree as possible routingpacketized traffic to the switch 22 closest to the communicating station30 to which the message is addressed. Once the packet reaches theclosest switch 22, it is routed through a repeater 24 onto the localbackbone 12. Once on the local backbone 12, the packet passes to abridge 50 and then to the node 26 closest to the client station 30 in amanner be discussed below with relation to FIG. 3.

The repeaters 24 are preferably spaced approximately every 300 feet inorder to avoid over-attenuation of the signals carrying the datapackets. The nodes 26 are placed within 30 feet of each communicatingstation 30.

The communicating stations 30 are preferably provided with clientsoftware 126 for enabling communications over the NAN 10. The NAN 10communications medium is, in one embodiment, standardized Ethernet datapackets adhering to the Ethernet/OSI standards. In one embodiment, thedata packets may be transmitted over the NAN 10 using merely MACaddresses of the low levels of the OSI model.

Client stations 30 which are new to the NAN 10 transmit an initialcommunication packet over the NAN 10 to the server 18. The server 18 inreply issues an IP address 138 to the client station 30 which issemi-permanent. Thereafter, the client station 30 has a semipermanent IPaddress 136 which is changed only upon incidents such as the computer ornetwork card of the client station 30 being changed.

The packets are routed through the switches 22, repeaters 24, and nodes26, to the addressed client stations 30. The packets may be transmittedat a rate of 10 megabits per second due to the unique architecture ofthe NAN 10. This high rate of speed can be upgraded by a factor of 10 oreven up to a factor of one hundred without having to redeploy the fibercables 14, the coaxial cables 16, and the pair twisted wiring 40. This,again, is due to the unique architecture of the system.

The system architecture includes extending the distance a packet cantravel up to between 3000 and 25000 feet and increasing the maximumtolerable packet acknowledgment time. This is accomplished in oneembodiment by digressing from the IEEE standards.

For instance, the signals with which the packets are transmitted areamplified to a higher power than those on standard networks. This isaccomplished by increasing the gain in the amplifiers that make therepeaters function. Additionally, the reception equipment is preferablymore sensitive and able to capture a more degraded signal than standardnetwork equipment.

The fact that the system operates on a baseband concept wherein all ofthe cable bandwidth is restricted to one channel rather than beingdivided into multiple channels allows for a higher bandwidth and greaterpower from the repeaters. This allows for collision detection over thecable 38 and for a release of the collision detection at a much lowerlevel. Thus, voltage spikes are detected and ignored so that lower levelcollisions are not detected and the large level collisions can bedetected. The incidences of these collisions are highly reduced due tothe high bandwidth and direct routing of the system 100.

Collision detection is preferably accomplished through voltage detectionand timed resends and is adjusted to compensate for the increasedsensitivity of the repeaters.

The repeaters 24 are provided with software or other logical circuitry120 therein which allows the repeaters 24 to be semi-intelligent. Therepeaters 24 transmit the fact that they are functioning, as well asinformation regarding the amount of traffic passing therethrough, inorder to better manage the NAN 10. Otherwise, the repeaters 24 merelypass the packets through and do not provide any switching function,merely increasing the amplitude of the signals carrying the packets. Asmentioned, the repeaters 24 are, in one embodiment, placed every 300feet across the local backbone 16.

The hubs 26 route the packetized traffic through the Cat5 twisted pairwiring 38 to the communicating stations 30. Internet routing 108 mayalso take place to route the Internet communications to the ISPs 32.Communications with external stations over the Internet 34 may beconducted with a permanent IP address to get the messages within the NAN10, wherein the outside data packets are routed using MAC addresses.Additionally, stations 30 without permanent IP addresses may communicatethrough the use of a masqueraded IP address using a permanent IP addressto get into the NAN and the semi-permanent IP addresses 136 issued toeach client station 30 in a manner that will be discussed below ingreater detail.

The bridges 50 are provided with software 114 and are also provided witha memory 116 containing a bank 118 of the IP addresses 136 of eachclient station 30. The bank 118 also includes, for each corresponding IPaddress 136, information regarding the location of the client station 30to which the IP address 136 is assigned.

Accordingly, the bridges limit communications to only a particularportion of the network 10 to which the communication is addressed. Thus,the bridges 50 effectively partition the NAN 10. A further function ofthe bridges 50 and the switches 22 is to eliminate unwantedcommunications. For instance, in one embodiment, broadcast packets andmessages are forbidden. Accordingly, each switch 22 and bridge 50 may beprovided with a traffic filter module 160 as depicted in FIG. 4.

Referring to FIG. 4, the traffic filter module 160 is used to eliminatecertain types of traffic that may not be routed over the NAN 10.Accordingly, the NAN 10 is defined as determining what types ofcommunications can not be routed rather than determining what types canbe routed, as in the prior art. Within each traffic filter module 160may be a broadcast traffic sniffing module 162. The broadcast trafficsniffing module 162 examines each information packet 165 (shown in FIG.4A) and checks certain fields 171 which indicate that the packet 165 isbroadcast data. When the traffic sniffing module 162 determines that thepacket 165 is broadcast traffic, it then initiates the trafficelimination module 164 which eliminates the broadcast packet 165.

The bridges 50 and switches 22 in one embodiment detect broadcasttraffic by detecting an empty field 171 within the MAC address 170.Alternatively, the broadcast traffic sniffing module 162 may detect aseries of addresses at a certain level such as 255, 255, 255, 255 todetect a broadcast packet 165.

Thus, because the NAN 10 eliminates unwanted traffic and restrictstraffic to only those portions of the NAN 10 through which the packet165 must travel to reach the addressed communication station 30 in themost efficient manner, much extraneous traffic is eliminated. This,combined with the higher speeds of the present invention, allow the NAN10 to be operated as if it were a local area network but on much granderscales, indeed, even to include entire neighborhoods or municipalities.Additionally, because of this, the NAN 10 is suitable for use ingeographical areas covering extensive distances that are merelygeographically or community interest related, rather than beingbusiness, government, education or otherwise related. Thus, the NANsystem 10 can be by financed at least in part by the service providerswhich will benefit from the efficient communication of the NAN 10.

Referring now to the service providers 104 of FIG. 2, an example of sucha service provider is a utility company 106. In one embodiment, theutility company 106 is a power company. Thus, for example, the powercompany can communicate over the transmission system 102 on the NAN 10with each client station 30. Within each client station 30 is one ormore service boxes 144 having therein customer service software 150.

The customer service software 150 might, in one instance, comprise powermeter software 148 within a power meter box 46. The power meter software148 may transmit power usage through the NAN 10 back to the utilitycompany 106. The utility company 106, with a power usage collectionmodule 144, receives the power usage data and transmits it to a billingmodule 146. The billing module 146 then bills the customer at thecommunicating station 30 over the transmission station 102. The paymentof the bill may also pass through the transmission system 102, thuspassing through the NAN 10 back to the utility company 106. Of course,utility companies other than the power company may also use this systemof data collection billing and payment receipt.

Other types of service boxes 144 may also contain customer service boxsoftware 150. For instance, the security system 48 may contain thereinsoftware which notifies the monitoring station 152 of anyirregularities. Software 154 within the monitoring station 152 maymonitor the data transmitted by the security system 48. For instance,this data might include home security system data indicating that abreak-in has occurred. The security system 48 may also indicate theoccurrence of a fire, and may transmit full video surveillance data backto the monitoring station 152. The monitoring station 152 or a similarstation may also monitor the contents of the NAN 10 in order toeliminate illegal traffic. Pornography or other types of traffic maylikewise be eliminated.

Each client station 30 as mentioned, preferably communicates at the MAClayer within the NAN 10. The client stations 30 may also be providedwith a semi-permanent IP address for communications external to the NAN10. The server 18 is provided with server software 124 which maintains abank 138 of the IP addresses 136. The server 18 thus issues the IPaddresses 136 and also maintains a binding between the MAC layercommunications and the IP addresses 136. These bindings are transmittedto the switches 22, bridges 50, and any other equipment with a need toknow the IP addresses 136 of the client stations 30.

Consequently, the server 18 is not necessary other than for issuing IPaddresses and maintaining bindings, and indeed, if the server 18 were togo down, the transmission system 102 operating on the NAN 10 couldcontinue to operate. New client stations 30 would merely not be able toreceive an IP address.

The central headquarters office 20 preferably contains therein aheadquarters software module 128. The headquarters software module 128may conduct monitoring and billing types of operations. Thus, a customerdatabase 130 may be maintained therein and may coordinate with a billingmodule 134. A redundant database 132 is also preferably included. Theredundant database 132 may be located at a distant site such that itmaintains a copy of all data in the case of a failure of the customerdata 130. Synchronizing information may pass between the customerdatabase 130 and the redundant database 132 over the NAN 10 with the useof the transmission system 102.

Billing information may be generated and stored within the billingmodule 134 and may be transmitted to communicating stations 30 over thetransmission system 102. The customer database 130 may maintain recordsincluding records of which customers are behind on their payments. Ifthe customers are behind, the client station 130 of that customer may bedenied services in part or in full of the NAN system 10. These servicesinclude, in one embodiment, Internet service.

The communicating stations 30 are preferably provided with standardnetwork cards 156 which transmit through the home connection box 42. Theclient software 126 residing at the communicating stations 30 preferablymaintains the client's IP address 136 and receives and generates datapackets (shown at 165 in FIG. 4A) with which information is transmittedover the transmission system 102. The client software 126 may providemany various types of functions, including video phone communication,audio, and video transmission, payment of bills, ordering of on-demandvideo, transmission of home security information, etc.

A power coupler 135 may be provided within or in communication with thehome connection box 42. The power coupler 135 preferably conditionsincoming power from a power source at each communicating station,combines the power and network connection, and provides a simple mannerof connecting the twisted pair wiring to standard computer cabling,preferably Ethernet cable, which passes to the computer at thecommunicating station 30. In one embodiment, the twisted pair wiring isprovided with a twisted pair for transmission, a twisted pair forreception, and a twisted pair carrying AC to the hub 26, as will bediscussed in greater detail below with reference to FIGS. 5 and 6.

The hub 26 is in one embodiment provided with a power concentrator 25which provides power conditioning and power delivery to the hub 26. Thepower concentrator receives power from the power coupler 135 of thecommunicating stations 30. Preferably the power concentrator 25 receivespower from two or more stations 30 and passes the power on to the hub 26or other switching device. A power concentrator 25 receives powerthrough a transformer connected to a wall socket at the communicatingstation 30. In one preferred embodiment, four houses share a hub andprovide power to the hub. The hub bleeds power out of the fourtransformers at a time, but can receive power from less than all of themand be at a full power level. This redundant power supply scheme ensuresthat the hub 26 continues operating even if one of the power sources,i.e., one of the communicating station 30, goes down. Thus, AC power isreceived from the communicating station 30 through the power coupler 135to the power concentrator 25. In addition, all switching equipment maybe powered cooperatively in this manner and may be provided with powerconcentrators 25.

In one embodiment, the AC power is received directly from a power meter(seen at 46 in FIG. 5) at the communicating station 30. The power fromthe communicating stations 30 may be provided individually orcollectively to the switches, bridges, repeaters, router, hubs, and anyother switching equipment of the NAN. Additionally, power meters notlocated at communicating stations 30 may be utilized to provide power tothe hubs 26 and other switching equipment.

In one embodiment, the communicating stations 30 or the hubs 26 comprisea power meter monitoring hub 26. The power meter monitoring hub 26 maycomprise an RF receiver and an 8-bit microcontroller as well as an RS232 communications interface and a power supply. The hub may alsocontain up to four 10-base T ports. On-site configuration is provided byan RS 232 port. Under this embodiment, the monitoring hub receives powerconsumption data from power meter transmitters and passes it on to theutility company 106 over the transmission system 102.

Each power meter 46 in this embodiment provided with a power monitoringtransmitter. The transmitter may be comprised of a PIC microcontroller,a 418 megahertz UHF transmitter, a photo-reflective sensor, and anoff-line power supply. The transmitter may use the photo-reflectivesensor to monitor rotation of the power meter disk and store theinformation in nonvolatile memory in the microcontroller. Thetransmitter transmits the power usage information to the power metermonitoring hub along a 418 megahertz RF link.

In one embodiment, the coaxial cable, as well as the 10-base T wire, ishoused within a protective conduit. The system may operate with Linuxusing an IP chain and masquerading which is considered more effectivethan using a proxy server.

The bridges 50, in addition to eliminating broadcast traffic, may alsoreceive and regenerate the packets 165 at a higher power level. Therepeaters 24 preferably merely amplify the signals carrying the packets165 and do so without any delay, while the bridges may slow down thepackets somewhat.

Referring now to FIG. 3, shown therein is a functional block diagram ofa NAN hierarchy scheme 60. Within the scheme 60 is shown the fiberbackbone 14 looping in a circuitous manner to form a ring. Within thefiber backbone 14 is a plurality of switches 22. A central switch 22a isshown connected with the central headquarters 20 and through a router 62to the Internet. Thus, the fiber backbone 14 comprises an outercircuitous backbone. It should be noted that the NAN 10 may have aplurality of gateways 62. Because of the plurality of gateways, anynumber of ISP providers 32 may provide service to the NAN 10. Othertypes of service providers and outside entities may also access the NAN10 through the gateways 62.

Emanating from the switches 22 are components of the local backbone 16which are arranged in a branched configuration. Thus, shown branchingout from each switch 22 is a series of bridges 50, repeaters 24, andhubs 26. Each bridge 50 separates and services a plurality of hubs 26.

Thus, an incoming packet 165 received, for instance over the Internet34, passes through the router 62. The router 62 uses an IP address 169shown in FIG. 4a to determine is that the packet is local to the NAN 10.For instance, the IP address may be assigned to the NAN 10 or to therouter 62 specifically under a masquerade scheme that will be described.

Once the packet 165 reaches the NAN 10, it is routed using a MAC address170 of FIG. 4a. After passing through the router 62, the packet 165 isreceived by the central switch 22a. As shown in FIG. 4A, the packet 165comprises a header 166, a data portion 167, and a footer 168. The headercomprises the address of the addressed communicating station 30. Thefooter contains redundancy information to make sure the packet 165 wasproperly received. A cyclical redundancy check (CRC) may be used usinginformation in the footer for acknowledgment that the packet 165 wasreceived and has not been degraded.

Within the header 166 may be both an IP address 169 and a MAC address170. The MAC address 170 refers to a unique number given to each networkcard 156 of FIGS. 2 and 5. The IP addresses 169 are administered by theInternic agency and are addresses utilized under the TCP/IP protocol.Each station has a unique MAC address. Additionally, each station mayhave a unique IP address 169.

Nevertheless, because IP addresses 169 are becoming scarce and difficultto procure, a masqueraded system may be employed wherein the router 62contains a routable IP address or several routable IP addresses andstations 30 within the NAN 10 are addressed by the routable IP addressof the router 62 outside the NAN 10. Once addresses containing themasqueraded EP address reach the NAN 10 at the switch 22a, the MACaddress 170 may then be used to route the packet 165 within the NAN 10.Indeed, within the NAN 10, routing is preferably exclusively conductedusing the MAC address 170.

When communicating on the MAC level, a communicating station 30, in oneembodiment, uses a protocol such as an ARP request. The “ARP” request isan address revolution protocol. The ARP protocol talks to the networkcards looking for the MAC address. The use of an ARP-type addressprotocol by the NAN 10 does not adhere exactly to the ARP addressprotocol but is similar to it.

Thus, the server 18 may be characterized as a modified DHCP server butdoes not broadcast DHCP as with the prior art systems, though it doesmaintain the IP-MAC address binding and notifies all subscribingcomponents of that binding. Under this arrangement, when a communicatingstation 30 comes on-line and receives the non-routable IP address fromthe server 18, it then binds the IP address. In one embodiment, this isdone by populating its registry with the IP address. That is, the IPaddress is bound to the TCP/IP protocol stack. This IP address is usedfor TCP/IP protocol communications with stations 72 external to the NAN10. As discussed, all internal communications are preferably routedusing the MAC address.

Of course, the communicating stations 30 could also receive permanent IPaddresses either from the server 18 or directly from Internic. Thesepermanent, routable IP addresses may also be maintained within thebinding of the server 18.

Preferably, hubs, bridges and switches work on only the lower two levelsof the OSI model of FIG. 4b. When a packet 165 is addressed to gooutside of the NAN-10, it is sent to the router 62 which acts as agateway to the Internet 34 and passes the packet 165 outside the NAN 10.The IP addresses within the communicating stations 30 communicatethrough virtual ports on the communicating stations 30 but preferablynot through the same communicating ports as traditional DHCP protocolstandards.

Additionally, the IP addresses are semi-permanent. That is, thecommunicating stations 30 maintain a single IP address for externalcommunications and do not flood the NAN 10 with requests for DHCPservers to receive IP addresses from. Indeed, because of thissubstantially, only direct routed traffic exists on the neighborhood,and all broadcast traffic is substantially squelched. Additionally, alltraffic is partitioned within its own area and does not travel acrossthe entire network. For this reason, there are substantially lesscollisions because traffic is much more localized. This also allows thenetwork to service many more communicating stations 30.

The OSI model 190 is shown in FIG. 4b. As shown therein, the OSI-modelcomprises a first layer 191 known as the physical layer. A second layer192 is known as the data link layer and it is this layer thatpredominantly deals with the MAC address 170. A third layer 193 isreferred to as the network layer, a fourth layer 194 is referred to as atransport layer, and a fifth layer 195 is referred to as a sessionlayer. The session layer 195 primarily deals with the IP address 169. Asixth layer 196 is referred to as the presentation layer, and a seventhlayer 197 is referred to as the application layer. Within the sevenlayer OSI model, the upper levels allow two communicating stations, oneassigned as a client and one assigned as a server, to coordinatecommunications with each other.

Referring back to FIG. 3, once message traffic 165 is received from therouter 62 to the switch 22a, the switch 22a maintains the packet 165momentarily in a buffer 164 and refers to a database 66 to determinewhether the MAC address 170 is local to a partition 169 belonging to theswitch 22a. Switch 22a makes this binary determination, and if theanswer is yes, passes the packet 165 to a first bridge 50a.

If the answer is no, that is, the traffic is not local to a partition168, the switch passes the packet 165 in a given direction to asubsequent switch 22. In the depicted embodiment, the given direction isclockwise. Upon passing the packet 165 on, a subsequent switch 22receives the packet 165 and similarly examines the packet 165 todetermine whether it is local or external to a partition 168. If thepacket is local to the partition 168, the switch 22 will pass it on to abridge 50 within a partition 168 to which the switch 22 belongs. If thepacket 165 is addressed external to the partition 168 of the switch 22,the switch 22 passes the packet 165 in the given (clockwise) directionto a subsequent switch 22.

Presuming that the packet 165 was local to switch 22a, switch 22a passesthe packet to a first bridge 50a. The bridge 50a then holds the packet165 temporarily in a buffer 64 and refers to a local database 66 todetermine whether the packet 165 is local or external to the bridge 50a.If the packet 165 is local to the bridge 50a, the bridge 50a determineswhich of the hubs 26 connected with the bridge 50a the packet 165 mustbe routed through.

If the packet 165 is addressed external to the bridge 50a, the bridge50a passes it to a subsequent bridge 50b. The bridge 50b then receivesthe packet 165 within a buffer 64 and examines its database 66 todetermine if it the packet is addressed to a local station 30. If it isnot, it passes it on to subsequent bridges 50 (not shown) in thebranching structure of the local backbone 16.

The bridges 50 are typically separated by one or more repeaters 24 toamplify the radio frequency (RF) signals which contain the packets 165.Referring now back to bridge 50a, if the packet 165 was local to bridge50a, it determines which of the hubs 26 to pass it to. Presuming thatthe packet 165 was addressed to a station 30a within a hub 26a, thebridge passes the packet to the hub 26a. The hub 26a briefly maintainsthe packet 165 within a buffer 64 and examines its database 66 todetermine which of the subscribing communicating stations 30 the packet165 belongs to. In this case, it determines that the packet belongs tostation 30a and places the packet on a line 40 to be received by anetwork card 156 located at the communicating station 30a. A similarprocess would occur with every bridge 50. Thus, for instance, if thepacket were addressed to a station 30b, the bridge 50b would receive thepacket and transmit to the hub 26b, which would receive the packet 165and transmit it to the communicating station 30b.

Inter-NAN communications are even more simplified. For instance, if thecommunicating station 30a wishes to communicate with the communicatingstation 30b, client software 126 would prepare the packet 165 and placeit through the network card 156 onto the NAN 10. The packet 165 would bereceived by hub 26a which would in turn transmit the packet 165 to thebridge 50a. The bridge 50a would examine the packet once again todetermine whether it is local or external to the bridge 50a. If it islocally addressed, the bridge 50a transmits to the appropriate hub 26connected thereto. If it is not, it directs the packet 165 to anotherbridge 50 or to the switch 22a, depending on the MAC address 170.

The switching equipment, such as the switches, bridges, and hubs,preferably use a binary tree sorting algorithm to sort through addressesin the attendant databases 66 to determine the location of stations 30addressed by the packets 165, which greatly enhances the speed thereof.The binary tree, rather than being just a one dimensional look-up tableor bubble sort, is branched and allows for larger databases withoutsignificant propagation delays. The binary tree is implemented, in oneembodiment, using the Nikolas Wirth style that is known in the art.

Note that each bridge 50 also preferably contains its own sub-partition70 in the partition 68 of the switch 22 to which it subscribes. In thiscase, when a bridge, such as bridge 50 determines that the packet 165 islocal to the partition 68 but not within its own subscribing hubs 26,the bridge 50a passes the packet 165 on to the bridge, e.g. bridge 50b.The bridge 50b then examines the packet 165 and determines that itbelongs to the hub 26b and passes it on to hub 26b. Hub 26b in turnexamines the packet 165 and passes it on to the communicating station30b.

If a communicating station 30 such as the station 30a wants tocommunicate with a computer or entity 72 outside of the NAN 10, itaddresses the packet 165 using the IP address 169 of the entity 72. Ifthe outside station 72 wishes to communicate with the station 30a, italso uses an IP address 169 to get into the NAN. This IP address 169 maybe either a permanent IP address received from the Internic agency or amasqueraded IP address attributable to the router 62. The outsidestation 72 sends any return messages using this IP address.

If the masqueraded IP address is used, the router 62 passes the packet165 to the switch 22a, which then examines the MAC address 170 withouthaving to refer to the IP address. Thus, one difference between bridges50 and the routers 62 of the present invention is that a bridge 50 readsonly at the MAC level while a router 62 reads at the IP level.

The outside station 72 could also be part of a NAN other than theNAN-10. The outside station 72 could communicate using MAC addresses toother outside stations 72 within its own NAN, but once it wished tocommunicate with an entity outside its own NAN such as the communicatingstation 30a, it then must use an IP address to pass packets 165 throughthe Internet with the use of routers 62.

As presently contemplated, each NAN 10 may have 10,000 or morecommunicating stations 30. A community having more than 10,000 locationswanting to subscribe to the NAN 10 would require more than one NAN 10.Additionally, under the present system, this maximum number may beincreased by increasing the speed of the local backbone 16. The speed ofthe local backbone may be increased up to, for instance, a gigabit persecond of throughput without having to reinstall the communicatinglines. To increase the number of subscribing communicating stations 30within a NAN-10, the firmware constituting the software within theclient stations server, hubs, bridges and switches are replaced, in anoperation that is substantially transparent to the communicatingstations 30.

Stations within the different NANs preferably communicate with eachother over the Internet, as discussed. Nevertheless, within each NANcommunications are routerless in the preferred embodiment.

Presently, the standard for communications on the inner backbone 16 is10-base-T, whereas the fiber communications on the fiber backbone 14 areset at 100-base-T. NAN 10 communications preferably utilize the Ethernet802.3 standard which is the standard presently relied upon by mostInternet and network organizations. The Ethernet 802.3 standard is usedin one embodiment of the NAN for packet encapsulation for transfer ofthe packets 165 over communication lines 36, 38.

In order for a new communicating station 30 to be admitted tocommunicate on the NAN 10, it must first establish communications withthe server 18. The server 18, as described, maintains a binding betweenIP addresses and MAC addresses. The client software 126 which isinstalled on every communicating station 30 provides the communicatingstation 30 with the proper MAC address of the server 18. Thus thecommunicating station communicates with the server 18 to receive alocalized non-routable IP address for use in communications external tothe NAN-10.

In one embodiment, the communicating station 30 may be given a permanentIP address issued by Internic or may be given a non-routable address anduse the masquerading procedure discussed above. Additionally, there maybe several different types of IP addresses issued. As discussed,routable and non-routable IP addresses may be issued as well as filteredIP addresses that filter content received from the Internet.Additionally, an IP address may be partially or fully functionaldepending on whether the communicating station 30 has paid a monthly oryearly fee.

Every station 30 checks in with the server 18 at the initial login inone embodiment, but if the server 18 is not functioning, the stations 30may still continue to operate with the previously issued IP address.E-mail messages may be sent to a permanent IP address, or may be routedin the manner of outside station 72 communications as discussed above.

Shown in FIG. 5 are the contents of a typical home connection box 42,including a power coupler 184. The home connection box 42 may comprise aprotective housing 182. Within the housing 182 is shown a power coupleradapter 184. Connected to the adapter 184 is a wire 174. The wire 174emanates from a transformer 173 which is in electrical communicationwith a power outlet 172. Also shown is an RF wire 176 carryingtransmitted signals from the power meter 46. Of course, powerconsumption may also be transmitted over air waves as discussed above.The network card 156 is shown connected with the adapter 184 with theuse of standard Ethernet cable 178 which is plugged into jacks 180.

The network card 156 is preferably a standard 10-base-T Ethernet networkcard. The adapter 184 also has shown connected thereto a set of wires186. One example of a network card 156 suitable for use with the presentinvention comprise a standard Ethernet 10-base T network card such asthe CN2000 card available from CNET of Milpitas, Calif.

A pair of first twisted pair wires 186a contains transmit informationand a second set of twisted pair wires 186b contains receivedinformation. A third set of twisted pair wires 186c carries AC power tothe power concentrator and to a node 26. A protective conduit 188 coversthe wires and protects them from the elements. The protective housing182 is preferably mounted to the outside of the home or building withinwhich the communicating station 30 is located.

Shown in FIG. 6 is one embodiment of the home connection box 42. Showntherein is a base 183 containing therein the adapter 187. The protectivehousing 182 is adapted to fit over the base 183. Jacks 185 are shown forreceiving the wires 178, 174, 176 of FIG. 5. The outgoing wires 186 arealso shown. Wiring is preferably labeled and connected on analphabetical basis.

Shown within the central headquarters 20 is a statistics checker 158 forreceiving information from the semi-intelligent repeaters 24. The statschecker 158 receives the information from the repeaters 24 anddetermines that the repeaters 24 are online and functioning properly. Areport may be generated by the statistics checker 158 and warnings maybe sent to an operator in real time.

The hubs 26 are connected to the coaxial cable 38 with a T-connector soas not to break the connection. The hubs convert from coaxial cabling totwisted pair wires and provide collision detection as well asamplification.

Client software 126 provides an arrangement similar to a DHCP client,but contrary to DHCP clients of the prior art, the client software 126does not broadcast and does not lease an IP address, but rather,contains a permanent or semi-permanent IP address. This keeps thenetwork uncluttered. This is allowable because the DHCP client can beidentified by the MAC address and routable IP addresses. Indeed,standard DHCP servers and broadcast traffic are not allowed on thenetwork. In one embodiment, standard DHCP servers and broadcast trafficthat do repeatedly transmit broadcast traffic are found and crashed orotherwise disallowed on the network.

The server 18 is preferably a DHCP-type server which performs managementtasks including keeping track of and handing out IP addresses. Thecustomers use a password to get their initial IP address. Once thecommunicating stations 30 receive their IP address 136 they may talk ona TCP/IP layer. A binder utility 157 may reside within the centralheadquarters. The binder utility 157 in one embodiment binds the IPaddress with the MAC address and may be used as a guarantee of customerpayment.

The DHCP server and the DHCP clients talk at the MAC layer. Under theOSI standard model, this is the first and second layer. Then once the IPaddress is picked up, they may communicate at different layers such asthe TCP/IP layer. Hubs and repeaters preferable communicate at the MAClayer while the server 20 ensures that a machine with a given MACaddress has the assigned IP address and maintains this binding.

Thus, by eliminating broadcast traffic and making the NAN 10 essentiallya routerless network, the NAN 10 can be operated at high speeds and onlarge scales. Only specific types of traffic are allowed to travel theNAN, further maintaining the high speed of the NAN. Under the presentinvention, the NAN determines what can travel thereon, rather than whatcannot travel thereon as in the prior art. Indeed, the NAN 10, includingthe switches, bridges and wires, operates outside of the standard “mold”of networks because its implementation does not follow IEEE or otherstandards.

The high speed of the NAN 10 of the present invention is attributable toa number of cooperating factors. For instance, rather than adhering tostandard IEEE standards such as the Cat5 standard, packets aretransmitted with greater power and can be transmitted up to 1500 feetusing a higher power level and more sensitive receiving equipment beforebeing picked up. This provides a longer acknowledgment time, and becausethe packets are directly routed using the local/external methoddescribed above, the packets are on the NAN for shorter periods of timecausing less collisions.

Hubs, similar to the bridges, also restrict local traffic and do notpass it on to the NAN 10 but contain all traffic that is local to thathub. Typically, bridges may be located four repeaters from each otherand may service about five hubs. Each hub may service about fivecommunicating stations 30.

Each switch and bridge regenerates the packet 165, whereas the hub holdsthe packet in a buffer and may or may not regenerate the packet 165depending on the level of amplitude of the packet.

The local partitioning and high rate of speed of the NAN 10 are enabledto a large degree by a unique firmware residing within the switchingcomponents. This unique firmware includes a tree structure sortingalgorithm within the switching components. Initially, the novel firmwareis much simplified in that the decisions are binary. That is, theswitching components determine whether a packet is addressed local orexternal. Additionally, the databases are larger and hold a greaternumber of MAC addresses. In one embodiment greater than 800 MACaddresses are be contained within the databases 66. In a furtherembodiment, greater than 10,000 MAC addresses are contained, and in afurther embodiment, 15,000 or more MAC addresses are contained.

The NAN 10 keeps traffic local and partitioned and, as described, killsall broadcast traffic at the bridges. Typically, the broadcast trafficdoesn't make it past the bridges to the switches, but the switches mayalso kill any broadcast traffic.

The firmware also processes packets 165 in a unique manner using adistance vector algorithm that allows the packets 165 to travel furtherwithout being regenerated. The firmware allows reduction of collisionrates. Nevertheless, the packets 165 don't travel as far because theyare held more localized by the bridges which have larger databases.Thus, the NAN 10 is characterized more by what cannot travel it thanwhat can travel it.

Shown in FIG. 7 is an earth-based pedestal 200 of the present invention.The pedestal 200 comprises a pedestal base 202 which is mounted withinthe earth 216 a distance of at least several inches. A cylindrical outerhousing 204 is shown and is provided with site 201 for air-circulation.The cylindrical outer housing 204 is inserted over the base 202 toprotect a circuit board 206 housed therein. The circuit board is mountedwithin a Faraday shield 218 which may be a partial chassis or a cage.

The Faraday shield 218 is connected with a post 208 and is mountedwithin the ground a distance of approximately 1.5 feet. The post 208 isconnected with copper braid wiring 212 to a pair of steel rods 214 whichare mounted about 8 inches apart and approximately 3 feet in the ground.This provides adequate ground charge and lightning protection for thecircuit board 206.

The circuit board 206 typically comprises the contents of a node 26, arepeater 24, or bridge 50. Emanating through openings 210 in the Faradayshield 218 are a pair of communications wires 215. Communications wires215 may comprise a coaxial cable 28, a twisted pair cable 40 and/or thefiberoptic cabling 36 and are preferably routed underground. In thismanner, the nodes 26, feeders 24, and/or bridges 50 may be housedoutside and are protected from the elements with the use of the pedestal200.

An alternate embodiment of a pedestal, shown in FIG. 8 is a hangingpedestal 220. The hanging pedestal 220 is adopted to hang from locationssuch as power or telephone lines or poles. The hanging pedestal 220 isshown comprising a base 222 and a lid 224. In the depicted embodiment,two hanging pedestal bases 222 and lids 224 are shown separated by ahanger mount. The hanger mount 226 as depicted is comprised of a pair ofhanging brackets 228. The hanging brackets 228 comprise a pair of plates230 which are tightened in proximal contact around a line from whichhanging pedestal 220 is hung with bolts 232. The base and lid may behooked together with plastic hinges 236 and may latch with a snap-fittype latch 234. The hanging pedestals also house an electronic circuitboard therein which is accessed through a set of cables 208.

Additional applications of the NAN 10 include video connecting, voice,video, cable TV, etc. Real time video may be provided on-demand ratherthan just being started every hour. The video may be downloaded inbuffered portions and cached in part or in all on a memory device at aparticular communicating station 30 which ordered the video. Sportingevents may be archived for later viewing, and other real time events maybe provided through a window frame within a monitor or screen of thecommunicating station 30. Home education may be provided as may bebooks, such that the service provider 104 may comprise a virtuallibrary.

FIG. 9 is a schematic block diagram illustrating one embodiment of ageneral method 250 of operation of a NAN. The method 250 begins at astart step 252. Subsequently, at a step 254, a network such as a NANsystem is provided. Preferably, the network is configured in the mannerdescribed above for the NAN 10. At a step 256, the network is installed.Preferably, this means that a NAN 10 of the present invention isinstalled as described above and as will be described below in greaterdetail.

At a step 258, communicating stations 30 are connected to the network10. Preferably, the communicating stations comprise a plurality ofbusinesses, organizations, and/or individuals related primarily orexclusively by residence within a common geographical location. At astep 260, installation and operation of the NAN are financed. This stepwill be discussed in detail below, but briefly, the installation ispreferably financed, at least in part, by a utility company, andoperations are preferably financed by periodic subscription fees.

At a step 262, the network, e.g., NAN 10, is operated. Operation of thenetwork 10 preferably takes advantage of the unique configuration of theNAN 10. For instance, power is preferably cooperatively supplied fromcommunicating stations, messages are directly routed, and localizedmessage traffic such as advertising and security observation is routedover the network 10.

At a step 264, the network 10 is administered. Preferably, the networkadministration is provided by a private company other than the utilitycompany that assisted in financing the installation. Administrationpreferably comprises billing and such matters, and is preferablyconducted on behalf of cooperative ownership and management of thenetwork. At a step 266, the method 250 ends.

Providing a NAN system 10 of step 254 of FIG. 9 may be conducted inaccordance with a method 270 of FIG. 10. The method 270 begins at a step272 and progresses to a step 274. At step 274, a backbone is provided.Preferably, the backbone comprises a fiber backbone 12 as describedabove. Thus, the backbone 12 is also preferably formed in a loopcircling through a geographic area which the NAN 10 is intended toserve.

The method 270 may also, as depicted by a step 276, comprise utilizingprotocols that are not recognized standards, and particularly, that arenot IEEE standards. By dispensing with IEEE standards, greater speedsand flexibility can be achieved, as discussed above. As depicted by astep 278, the method 270 may also utilize direct routing of messages.The direct routing is preferably achieved in the manner discussed above,with switching equipment and cables branching from a central backbone14. The network 10 is also preferably partitioned, at a step 280,preferably in the manner described above, such that any particularmessage goes directly to and stays within a partition 70 correspondingto a station 30 to which the message is addressed.

A server 282 is optional, but may provided, as indicated by a step 282.The server preferably corresponds to the server 18. Additionally, acentral HQ 20 is preferably provided. One or more Internet Gateways mayalso be provided, as indicated by a step 284. At a step 286, the methodends.

Installing a NAN 10 of step 256 of FIG. 9 may be conducted in accordancewith a method 290 of FIG. 11. The method 290 begins at a start step 292.As indicated at a step 294, the method 290 preferably comprisesinstalling at least a substantial portion of the cabling 36, 38, 40 ofthe NAN 10 within a right of way belonging to a public utility serviceprovider company. In one embodiment, the public utility service providercomprises a power company.

At a step 296, the NAN 10 is installed within a selected geographicalarea. Preferably, the geographical area comprises a municipality, andmore preferability, a portion of a municipality, such as a neighborhood.As indicated at a step 298, switching equipment is installed. Theswitching equipment preferably includes the fiber switches, therepeaters, the bridges 30, and the hubs 26. In one embodiment, at leasta substantial portion of the switching equipment is installed out ofdoors, preferably within containment units 52 or protective pedestals200, 220.

At a step 300, the switching equipment is preferably connected to powersources located at the communicating stations 30. Preferably, thecommunicating stations 30 cooperatively and redundantly provide thepower to switching equipment as discussed above. Thus, external powersources may not be needed, and if power goes out or is terminated at asingle communicating station 30, power can be supplied by the othercommunicating stations 30. Preferably, the delivery of power iscoordinated by a power concentrator 25.

At a step 302, the protective pedestals 200, 220 are preferably providedfor housing the switching equipment. At a step 304, the cabling 36, 38,40 is provided, preferably by burying the cabling within the rights ofway of the utility company.

At a step 306, the server 18 and the central HQ computer 20 areprovided. Of course, other steps will be necessary to completely installthe NAN 10, but will be readily apparent to those of skill in the artfrom the present description. At a step 308, the method 290 ends.

Connecting stations of step 258 of FIG. 9 may be conducted in accordancewith a method 310 of FIG. 12. The method 310 begins at a start step 312and progresses to a step 314. At the step 314, users subscribe to theNAN service (and) or Internet service. That is, users such asindividuals at residences, businesses, schools, and other organizationsat the various communicating stations 30 subscribe to receiveNAN-service. The subscribing is preferably conducted prior to installingthe relevant switching equipment in the NAN of the subscribers.

At a step 316, the NAN is connected to individual residences or placesof business. Unlike most limited distribution networks, the NAN 10 ispreferably connected to multiple residences, businesses, and/ororganizations. In installing the NAN, connections are preferably made toeach building in which is housed one or more communicating stations 30.Preferably, in a step 318, each communicating station 30 is providedwith a home connection box 42 to which the NAN cabling and switchingequipment is connected.

At a step 320, the switching equipment local to each communicatingstation 30 is connected with the communicating station 30 to receivepower from the communicating station 30. Thus, power delivery is sharedby groups of communicating stations 30 as described above.

At a step 322, a plurality of communicating stations 30 are preferablyplaced in communication by a connection to common switching equipmentsuch as a node or hub 26 of FIG. 1. Preferably, the switching equipmentis located out of doors in a centralized location, and more preferably,is located within a ground-based pedestal 200 or a hanging pedestal 220.

As indicated by a step 324, installation of the NAN 10 preferablycomprises connecting together in the NAN 10 only communicating stations30 related by location within a common geographical area. Thegeographical area may be any selected area, but preferably comprises amunicipality, plurality of municipalities, or portions thereof such ascommon neighborhoods. At a step 326, the method 310 ends.

Financing installation and operation of a NAN system of step 260 of FIG.9 may be conducted in accordance with a method 330 of FIG. 13. Themethod 330 begins at a start step 332 and progresses to a step 334. Atstep 334, subscription fees are received from users at the communicatingstations 30. Preferably, the users are subscribed prior to connectingthe communicating stations 30 to the NAN. The fees are preferably paidperiodically and the proceeds used to maintain and administer the NANand recompense the providers of the NAN system 10 as well as possibly tohelp compensate an alliance organization such as the utility companythat has assisted in financing the advertising of and installation ofthe NAN 10.

As indicated by a step 336, the NAN 10 may also be in part financed by autility service provider company. In one embodiment, the utility serviceprovider company is other than a telecommunications company. Byreceiving assistance from a gas, power, water company or the like, theseutility service providers that are otherwise unable to participate inthe expansion of digital communications can be a part of this growth.Thus, in one example, a power company allows the NAN 10 to be installedin rights of way granted to the power company and may also in part orwhole finance the installation. Solicitation of users may also befinanced by an alliance organization such as a utility service providercompany.

As indicated by a step 338, the utility service provider company orother alliance organization receives a portion of the subscription feesreceived in step 334 to compensate it for its costs of installation andsolicitation. Additionally, the utility company is also preferablyprovided with use of the NAN to accomplish tasks such as reading utilitymeters at the communicating stations 30 and billing the communicatingstations 30 for use of the utility services.

Additionally, as indicated by a step 342, companies making use of theNAN may be charged. For instance, content providers, Internet serviceproviders, advertisers, and the like may be charged for their use of theNAN 10. At a step 346 the method 330 ends.

Operating a NAN system of step 262 of FIG. 9 may be conducted inaccordance with a method 350 of FIG. 14. The method 262 begins at astart step 352 and progresses to a step 354. As indicated, the operationof the NAN may comprise receiving the power to operate the switchingequipment cooperatively from the communicating stations 30. As indicatedby a step 356, the method 362 may comprise remote reading of utilityconsumption as described above.

As indicated by step 358, the method 350 may comprise remotely billingusers at communicating stations 30 for utility services. As indicated bya step 360, the method 350 may comprise transmitting security signalsover the NAN 10. Thus, for instance, when the communicating stations 30are provided with security systems 46 such as cameras, sensors, or thelike, monitoring of the cameras or sensors or other surveillanceequipment can be conducted by transmitting signals therefrom over theNAN 10 to a central surveillance office which itself comprises acommunicating station 30.

At a step 362, audio and video signals may be transmitted over the NAN10. Thus, for instance, music may be piped into residences or businessesover the NAN 10 and video signals such as live feeds and recordings maylikewise be transmitted over the NAN 10. While the television signalsmay be broadcast, more preferably, the video signals are provided torequesting stations 30 on-demand. Video conferencing may likewise beprovided.

At a step 364, broadcast data is truncated or otherwise eliminated fromthe NAN 10. This is preferably conducted in the manner described above.

At a step 366, messages are directly routed from sender to receiver overthe NAN. Once again, this is preferably conducted in the mannerdescribed above.

At a step 368, routing of messages utilizes partitions of the NAN. Inpreferred embodiments, the partitioning is conducted as described above.

At a step 370, a plurality of Internet gateways are provided forconnecting the NAN with Internet service. While a single Internetgateway may be provided, it is preferred that several are provided topromote competition and lower prices.

At a step 372, localized advertising is transmitted over the NAN. Thus,for instance, a communicating station 30 may comprise a local businesswithin the geographical area which the NAN encompasses, and may wish totransmit advertising to other communicating stations 30. Suchadvertising may be accomplished by directing advertising directly toselected communicating stations 30, which are more likely to beinterested in the advertising due to the close proximal location of theadvertising business. Of course, the discussed steps of the method 350are given by way of example, and many other manners of operating a NANof the present invention will be readily apparent to those of skill inthe art. At a step 374, the method 350 ends.

Administering a NAN of step 264 of FIG. 9 may be conducted in accordancewith a method 380 of FIG. 15. The method 380 begins at a start step 382and progresses to a step 384. At step 384, periodic billing statementsmay be transmitted over the NAN 10. The billing is preferablycoordinated and monitored by the central HQ 20.

At a step 386, payments may also be transmitted over the NAN by creditcard, digital signature types of E-commerce, and the like. When acommunicating station 30 fails to pay its bills, reminders may beautomatically sent over the NAN, and if the problem persists, suspensionof NAN privileges may be levied until the fees are paid as indicated bya step 388.

As indicated by a step 390, administration may be conducted bygovernment entities such as municipalities, but more preferably, theadministrative entity comprises a private organization. The organizationmay be the provider of the NAN. Preferably, where a utility serviceprovider is involved in financing and installing the NAN 10, theadministrative entity is other than the utility service provider. In oneembodiment, as represented by a step 392, the ownership and managementof the NAN 10 is a cooperative venture of the users located at thevarious communicating stations 30. The method 380 preferably ends at astep 394.

The NAN of the present invention provides certain advantages includingproviding high speed (high band width) Internet access at a low pricecompared to conventional technologies. Advantages of the NAN alsoinclude the capability of real-time video conferencing. The NAN allows aregion such as a geographical region of otherwise unrelated entities,such as a town or neighborhood, to be networked in high speed computercommunication.

The NAN may be financed at least partially by utilities in order toexpedite installation and may rely on the rights of way of publicutilities such as power companies. The “last mile” dilemma is alsosolved under the present invention, as the system allows for inexpensiveinstallation of facilities for the “last mile” of a networkinfrastructure and relatively faster operation thereof Thus, anadvantage of the NAN is that it provides cost effective last mileservice and delivery.

The NAN also operates at very high speeds. Preferably, message trafficis directly hauled to its destination, rather than passing the messagetraffic through a central server or router. Indeed, under oneembodiment, the NAN efficiencies are achieved without a central serveraltogether.

Additionally, the NAN provides support for a broader variety of devicesand types of devices to be networked. The NAN system of the presentinvention does not rely on the telephone line infrastructure, andconsequently eliminates handling errors that occur with user log ons.Additionally, the telephone lines and other telecommunicationsinfrastructure receive less traffic and are less likely to be jammedwith message traffic when the NAN is employed to relieve them of beingoverburdened. Indeed, the NAN in one embodiment achieves totalindependence from the telecommunication infrastructure.

Also, no modem hardware or protocol is necessary at the user facility.Conventional T-1 lines, fiber converters, and cable modems areunnecessary in achieving the much higher speeds of the NAN of thepresent invention. Additionally, Internet access may be provided overthe NAN and Internet connection may operate at comparatively highspeeds. For instance, Internet access may in one example be as high asten Mbps while employing certain currently available hardware.

The NAN allows free competition among Internet service providers andallows them to freely hook into the NAN system. The Internetconnectivity is always on and continuous at any given communicatingstation without the need of a dial-up. Due to the elimination of modemsin connecting to the Internet, low data losses are experienced. Forinstance, hand shaking errors between modems and error data thatotherwise arises between modems may be reduced or eliminated. This islargely due to the absence of protocol conversions with the inventivesystem.

The operational hardware and software of the NAN include hubs, packets,bridges, and gateways disposed at different points to allow directlyrouted, packeted traffic. The system distributes traffic to the lowestsegment. Direct routing may be peer-to-peer rather than being controlledby a switchboard, server, or central office. The results of thisarrangement is very high speed packet transfer.

The system may rely on MAC addresses and static, masqueraded, IPaddressing rather than dynamic IP addressing. The system may provide abinding between a hardware device and a user so the system stores theuser's public IP addresses.

Additionally, communications within the network are secure and thenetwork is user friendly. The high-speed networking supports real-timecommunications with cameras. Indeed, because of the low cost, users canconnect to more devices, one example of which is utility meters. Thesystem makes remote meter reading and monitoring of other types ofutility services cost effective.

The NAN of the present invention is also unique in that no networkadministration is necessary to control local message traffic. Trafficmay be independent of any governing authority. Additionally, because theInternet is both a large scale system and localized within a geographicarea, business services such as advertising can be offered locally,making them more efficient. Thus, local advertising may be directed to alocal audience. The system may support interconnection with virtuallyany devices within a community. The system may utilize permanent IPaddresses due to a unique Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP).

The neighborhood area network (NAN) may operate upon an IPX/SPX andEthernet protocol. Broadcasts packets from the clients are preferablyblocked at every bridge as well as DHCP traffic.

The present invention may be embodied in other specific forms withoutdeparting from its spirit or essential characteristics. The describedembodiments are to be considered in all respects only as illustrativeand not restrictive. The scope of the invention is, therefore, indicatedby the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description. Allchanges which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of theclaims are to be embraced within their scope.

1. An apparatus for linking communication stations within a geographicalregion in computer communication, comprising: a high speed backbone; aplurality of branching nodes connected to the high speed backbone forrelaying digital communications at baseband; a plurality ofcommunicating stations communicating over the backbone through thebranching nodes, the branching nodes communicating stations each housedin different buildings; and a home connection box having connectors forconnecting a communicating station with a hub associated with itsbranching node, the connectors including a network communicationsconnector and a power connector for supplying power from thecommunicating station to the hub; wherein the branching nodes eachcomprise: a hub directly connected with others of the branching nodesand directly interconnecting the plurality of communicating stations indigital communication; and a power concentrator, the power concentratorreceiving power from a plurality of communicating stations incommunication with the branching node and powering the branching nodewith the received power, the received power being redundant, in that atleast one of the communicating stations can go off-line without stoppingpower to the branching node.
 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein thehub is largely housed out of doors within environmentally controlledhousings.
 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the hub is powered bypower sources emanating from a plurality of the buildings.
 4. Theapparatus of claim 1, wherein one or more of the communicating stationscomprises are comprised within a residence building.
 5. The apparatus ofclaim 1, further comprising a protective pedestal housing at least aportion of the nodes.
 6. An apparatus for linking communicating stationswithin a geographical region in computer communication, comprising: ahigh speed backbone; a plurality of communicating stations communicatingover the backbone through branching nodes for relaying digitalcommunications at baseband, the branching nodes each housed in differentbuildings, at least one of the communicating stations comprising aresidence; a hub communicating with the high speed backbone and directlyconnected with the plurality of branching nodes and directlyinterconnecting the plurality of communicating stations in digitalcommunication at baseband, the hub largely housed out of doors withinenvironmentally controlled housings and powered by power from aplurality of power sources each located within a one of the differentone of the plurality of the buildings; a protective pedestal housing thehub, the protective pedestal located out of doors; a power concentratorlocated within one or more a first of the branching nodes, the powerconcentrator receiving power from a two or more of the plurality of thecommunicating stations that are in communication with the firstbranching node and powering the first branching node with the receivedpower, the received power being redundant, in that one or more of thecommunicating stations can go off-line without stopping power to thefirst branching node; and a home connection box having connectorsadapted to connect a communicating station with the hub, the connectorsincluding a network communications connector and a power connector forsupplying power from the communicating station to the hub.
 7. Theapparatus of claim 1, further comprising means for transmitting datafrom a security and alarm system information from a plurality of theindividual communicating stations to a central security office over theplurality of branching nodes.
 8. A system for linking communicationstations within a geographical region in computer communication, thesystem comprising: branching nodes, wherein each of the branching nodescomprises a hub and a power concentrator, wherein the hub of eachbranching node is connected to a backbone that is configured to relaydigital communications at baseband, wherein the hub of each branchingnode is connected to one or more hubs of one or more other ones of thebranching nodes through the backbone; communication stations connectedto the branching nodes and configured to communicate over the backbonethrough the hubs of the branching nodes; a first home connection boxhaving connectors configured to connect to a first of the communicationstations to a first of the branching nodes, wherein the connectorsinclude a network communications connector and a power connector,wherein the power connector is configured to supply power from the firstcommunication station to the power concentrator of the first branchingnode; wherein the power concentrator of each branching node isconfigured to receive power from a plurality of the communicationstations and to redundantly power that branching node with the receivedpower.
 9. The system of claim 8, wherein each of the communicationstations is configured to connect to exactly one of the branching nodes.10. The system of claim 8, wherein the first communication stationcomprises a computer and a power outlet, wherein the networkcommunications connector is configured for coupling to the computer andenabling transfer of at least a portion of said digital communicationsto and from the computer, wherein the power connector is configured forcoupling to said power outlet.
 11. The system of claim 8, wherein afirst of the branching nodes is housed in an outdoor housing.
 12. Thesystem of claim 11, wherein the outdoor housing is an earth-basedpedestal housing or a hanging pedestal housing.
 13. The system of claim11, wherein the outdoor housing is environmentally controlled.
 14. Thesystem of claim 8, wherein each of the branching nodes is housed in adifferent building.
 15. The system of claim 8, wherein at least one ofthe communication stations comprises a residence, wherein the powerconcentrator of each branching node is configured so that at least oneof the corresponding plurality of communication stations can go off-linewithout stopping power to that branching node.
 16. The system of claim8, wherein the backbone comprises a ring of switches, wherein successiveswitches of the ring are coupled with optical fiber.
 17. The system ofclaim 8, wherein the backbone comprises a local portion, wherein thelocal portion comprises one or more bridges coupled in a series.
 18. Thesystem of claim 17, wherein successive bridges of said series arecoupled by one or more coaxial cables.
 19. The system of claim 17,wherein each of the one or more bridges is configured to filter saiddigital communications so as to eliminate broadcast packets from saiddigital communications.
 20. The system of claim 17, wherein the hub ofeach of the branching nodes is configured to connect to exactly one ofthe one or more bridges.
 21. The system of claim 8, wherein each of thecommunication stations is configured to connect to one of the branchingnodes through one or more twisted wire pairs.
 22. The system of claim 8,wherein the hubs communicate only on the lower two levels of an OSImodel.